Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Essay

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - Essay Example Under the contract law, the parties to the agreement are directly responsible for their performance or failure to discharge their duties as stipulated in the contract (Engel & Mccann 2009, P.146). Therefore, under contract law, individuals are responsible for failing to accomplish their promises to the other party while in tort liability arises due to commitment of civil wrong or breach of other peoples civil rights. Negligence Liability Under the law of contract, parties to the contract are considered careless where they partially, wrongly or totally fail to discharge their obligations according to the conditions of their agreement (Macqueen & Zimmermann 2006, p.145). For example, if a transporter was hired to ferry some goods belonging to another individual and fails to deliver the goods, then that transporter is liable for not . However, under the law of tort, a person is careless if he or acts wrongly or fails to act where they were required to do so hence causing another person harm. For example, in Vaughan – v – (Menlove 1937) 3 Bing N.C. 468 the defendant was given a warning that the stack he had kept would catch fire, but he said he could manage them (Macqueen & Zimmermann 2006, p.171). ... A business may be vicariously liable for tort committed by their workers to other people during the normal processes of discharging their official duties. For example in the case of Cassidy – v – Minister of Health 919512 K.B.343 where a patient was operated his left arm by the employees of the hospital, but out of the carelessness of the employees, the patient hand sustained permanent damages hence rendering it ineffective (Bergelson 2009, P. 58). The patient sued the hospital, and the hospital was held responsible for their workers’ carelessness. However, in order for the employer to be responsible for their employee’s tort, the employees should have acted under their usual way of discharging their duties and must be under full control of their employers who also pays their salaries. Scenario Tort refers to commission of wrongful act to other people or failure to do right to other people when one has a responsibility to do it, hence causing injury to oth ers whom he owned duty to serve responsibly (Engel & Mccann 2009, P. 149). For a plaintiff to succeed in a legal suit against defendant for tort, he or she has to prove that the defendant was in charge of protecting the act or omission from happening. The plaintiff is also liable to prove to the court that the defendant actually defied his or her responsibility to protect the plaintiff. However, it is not enough that the defendant acted irresponsibly or failed to act as required b the law, but the plaintiff should confirm that it was through defendants conduct they sustained injuries. At times, the conducts of the defendants my cause injury to the plaintiff without defendant

Emerging Trends Essay Example for Free

Emerging Trends Essay Communications technology is progressing at light-speed, seemingly shrinking our world, as we can now communicate and conduct business in real time around the globe. Through innovations such as high-speed modem technology, businesses and people can share new ideas with friends and colleagues from the farthest lands. As more people and businesses strive to globalize, existing communication technologies are overloading, as they have approached the limitations of todays available hardware. To gain higher speed access to the available information over the Internet, there are many factors one must research, as they ultimately work together. These factors include hardware, choosing an Internet Service Provider (ISP), as well as a modem, which will be used to send and receive the data via the Internet. The intent of this document is to review the latest high-speed technologies for improving information access using the Internet. By understanding these new technologies, one can make a more informed decision when choosing their hardware and ISP. Choosing Hardware for Individual Needs: Computer Choices To gain faster Internet access requires choosing a faster computer that best suits ones needs. In determining the type of computer to purchase, one should first determine the application in which it will be used most. Applications such as word processing, computer games, and Internet access, all require various hardware and operating systems. Today, there are three main choices for computers, which include laptops, PCs, and hand-held devices. Until recently, we only needed to decide on the type and speed of the processor that we wanted in our new computer, since most of the Intel Pentium based computers had a data bus with a maximum speed of 66 MHz (PC World, 2000, July, p. 33). With the release of the new Intel 100 MHz bus architecture, this has changed, as the new line of Pentium II and Pentium III processors use this new bus instead of the older 66 MHz bus (PC World, 2000, July, p. 33). Needless to say, a PC equipped with this much power will surely increase the communication spee d between the processor and components in the computer. The main advantage of a notebook computer, versus a desktop, is the size and portability. Due to their smaller size, notebooks are the computer of choice for people that have limited space in their office or home. A typical notebook computer will contain either an Intel Celeron, Pentium III, or AMD K6 processor, which all range in speed, while the more common speeds vary from 600 MHz to 850 MHz (PC World, 2000, July, p. 37). The price of a standard notebook computer typically ranges between $1200 to $1900. Introduced in 1996, handheld computers, also known as Palm Pilots and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), have been gaining in popularity. These devices are portable and are no larger than a palm-size calculator. One of the most popular models on the market today is the Visor, offered in three models, ranging from $149 to $249 (Businessweek Online website, November 15, 1999, p. 192). While the speed of a handheld computer may vary, according to one source, the Palm Vx model runs slightly faster than other handhelds. It runs with a 20mhz processor versus the 16mhz found in other models (Palmgear website, 2000). Most palms come with standard applications like an address book, calculator, and a date book. Newer palms will also allow the user e-mail capabilities, using a memo pad similar to the Windows notepad. Since Internet access is now available as an option for handheld computers, they are a viable choice for consumers. Choosing an Internet Service Provider (ISP) Next, one needs to decide on an Internet Service Provider (ISP), and whether it is for personal or business use. Today, many companies offer free Internet Service to consumers and businesses. Broadband Digital Group (BDD) offers free dial up service at no additional cost, and is available nationwide. Another free ISP is Bluelight.com, which allows customers to shop online and receive various discounts on items purchased with Kmart. Free ISPs are economical and provide many of the services of fee based ISPs, such as sending and receiving email, web surfing, and online shopping.   Although some people find free ISPs to be economical, there are some disadvantages. Free ISPs represent less than 13 percent of the market, and are used as an alternate means to connect online (Fusco, 1999, pars. 4-6). With this, the customer is provided with Internet access, but not the quality service that is provided by most fee-based ISPs. In some cases, free ISPs do not provide consumers with high-spee d delivery, which results in slower connection speeds. According to a recent report by Patricia Fusco, fee-based Internet access service providers are among the elite and provide high quality, high speed, and wireless services. The top rated ISPs are, ATT WorldNet, EarthLink, Inc., MSN, America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy. All of these services can provide consumers with high-speed service, good customer service, and technical support (Fusco, 2000a, pars. 2-10). There are, however, some disadvantages with fee-based ISPs, as the monthly billing fees can range from $7.00-$40.00 per month. In addition, providers such as AOL, Prodigy, MSN, and CompuServe have monthly billing plans that must be applied to a customer’s major credit card or telephone bill. Payment by check is also an option, however, your ISP provider applies a surcharge. Fee based ISPs benefit people and companies who have a need for high capacity, high-speed, and a broad range of features. Providers like AT T and MSN offer wireless service plans, so consumers have the option of accessing the Internet through their laptops or personal PDAs (Fusco, 2000b, pars. 4-6). In determining which ISP is best, one should consider cost, speed, availability, and technical support. The content of the ISPs website, personal services, and customer satisfaction should also be considered. Choosing a High-Speed Modem Technology: Cable vs. DSL Of course, there is much more to achieving high-performance Internet access than just choosing a fast computer and an Internet Service Provider, as one will also need a connection capable of handling all of this bandwidth. Recently, there are new emerging technologies that will allow you to access information over the Internet at blinding speeds. Today, one can choose between new high-speed subscriber lines, such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or Cable Modem, which enables one to access information over 10 times faster than the 56K modem. To utilize DSL will require a DSL-capable modem, which connects to the phone lines already present in the home. Installing DSL is a bit tricky. Although there are installation kits available, it is easier to have the phone company install the service, since installation requires a few components needed for avoiding interference while using the modem and telephone at the same time. The cost of installing DSL runs between $50-$100, while the monthly service fee averages about $80 per month, and includes an ISP (PC World, 2000, May, p. 106). DSL is not yet offered in all areas, however, a recent survey from The Yankee Group estimates that 21% of US households will have access to DSL shortly (PC World, 2000, May, p. 104). Cable Modem is another high-speed solution for accessing the Internet. Cable Modem technology offers similar performance as DSL, yet the technology is a bit different, as it utilizes the existing television cable in the home. Like DSL, Cable Modem access will require a special modem and can be installed by the consumer, or by a local cable company. Expect to pay approximately $100 for the installation, while the monthly service fee averages about $50 per month (PC World, 2000, May, p. 106). The Yankee Group estimates that 41% of US households will have access to Cable Modem technology, which is limited to those households already equipped with cable television services (PC World, 2000, May, p. 104). 87% of Cable Modem users and 86% of DSL users are satisfied with the performance, according to a PC World survey (PC World, 2000, May, p. 116). While the monthly service fees are more for DSL, as compared to Cable Modem, the fees are expected to normalize as the technology becomes more widespread. In reviewing these high-speed technologies, the choice begins to shift from choosing between DSL and Cable Modem, to choosing between either of these two, along with any of the new computers. Summary This study reveals that to gain high speed connectivity, any of the new computer hardware choices are adequate. The key to high speed information access is now governed by your connection, where this situation was revered just a few short years ago. DSL and Cable Modem both offer substantial performance improvements over conventional 56K Internet access. Either choice enables high-speed Internet access, which will be a vital component as more and more on-line information begins to congest the information pipeline. To truly gain high speed Internet access, one must incorporate either of these new modem technologies, along with their choice of hardware, which should be based on one’s individual needs. References Businessweek Online website. (November 15, 2000) The Palm is Mightier†¦, [Available] Retrieved March 31, 2001, from the World Wide Web: www.businessweek.com Fusco, P. (1999, December). Jupiter: Free ISPs won’t replace dial-up access (16 paragraphs). InternetNews – ISP News Archives, [Available] Retrieved March 31, 2001, from the World Wide Web: www.internetnews.com Fusco, P. (2000a, May). AT T Wireless Debuts Free Wireless Internet (15 paragraphs) InternetNews – ISP News Archives, [Available] Retrieved March 31, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://www.internet.news.com/isp-news/article/0,,8_356751,00.html Fusco, P. (2000b, September). J.D. Powers Ranks Big Six ISPs (19 paragraphs). InternetNews – ISP News Archives, [Available] Retrieved March 31, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/isp-news/article/0,,8_460761,00.html Overton, R Goavec, P. (May 2000). PC World – Broadband or Bust, Volume 18, Number 5. 102-108, 112, 116 Palmgear website. (Copyright 2000, internet.com Corp), [Available] Retrieved March 31, 2001, from the World Wide Web: www.palmblvd.com

Pros and Cons of MTBE in Gasoline :: Pro Con Essays

Pros and Cons of MTBE in Gasoline MTBE, or methyl tertiary butyl ether, is an oxygenate commonly used in gasoline in America, Europe, and other countries throughout the world. It is a compound created by the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene that is added to gasoline because of its high octane level, allowing gasoline to reach the required octane levels and still include a gasoline component. In addition, because it is an oxygenate, MTBE helps gasoline more fully combust, which increases performance and reduces the amount of harmful pollutants such as CO, VOCs, NOx, and particulates released into the atmosphere from automobile exhaust [EFOA]. However, opposition has recently arisen against the use of MTBE in gasoline. Every underground gas tank eventually leaks, and the gasoline is soaked up by the surrounding ground. MTBE is not soluble in water; therefore, when the gasoline leaks out of the tank, the MTBE pollutes the ground water (well water), and eventually the surface water also. In addition, though MTBE reduces the amount of most pollutants released from automobiles, it also produces a harmful pollutant, formaldehyde, when combusted [CECA]. Even worse, a study performed by a medical researcher from the University of Pennsylvania, shows that MTBE may be the cause of a seventeen percent increase in asthma among kindergarten students since it has been utilized in gasoline. The study also shows that MTBE has failed to improve smog levels in the years it has been in use [Jones]. Therefore, is MTBE good or bad? It is still early to give a definite answer, however the banning of MTBE in many states in the US in exchange for its most common alternative, ethanol, shows signs that MTBE is doing more harm than help. To be fair, if more strict legislation were to be passed to force gas stations to maintain leak free tanks, much of MTBE’s pollutant problems would be solved. Pros and Cons of MTBE in Gasoline :: Pro Con Essays Pros and Cons of MTBE in Gasoline MTBE, or methyl tertiary butyl ether, is an oxygenate commonly used in gasoline in America, Europe, and other countries throughout the world. It is a compound created by the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene that is added to gasoline because of its high octane level, allowing gasoline to reach the required octane levels and still include a gasoline component. In addition, because it is an oxygenate, MTBE helps gasoline more fully combust, which increases performance and reduces the amount of harmful pollutants such as CO, VOCs, NOx, and particulates released into the atmosphere from automobile exhaust [EFOA]. However, opposition has recently arisen against the use of MTBE in gasoline. Every underground gas tank eventually leaks, and the gasoline is soaked up by the surrounding ground. MTBE is not soluble in water; therefore, when the gasoline leaks out of the tank, the MTBE pollutes the ground water (well water), and eventually the surface water also. In addition, though MTBE reduces the amount of most pollutants released from automobiles, it also produces a harmful pollutant, formaldehyde, when combusted [CECA]. Even worse, a study performed by a medical researcher from the University of Pennsylvania, shows that MTBE may be the cause of a seventeen percent increase in asthma among kindergarten students since it has been utilized in gasoline. The study also shows that MTBE has failed to improve smog levels in the years it has been in use [Jones]. Therefore, is MTBE good or bad? It is still early to give a definite answer, however the banning of MTBE in many states in the US in exchange for its most common alternative, ethanol, shows signs that MTBE is doing more harm than help. To be fair, if more strict legislation were to be passed to force gas stations to maintain leak free tanks, much of MTBE’s pollutant problems would be solved.

Pillars of Education Essay

1. Learning to Know â€Å"Learning to Know† is one of the four pillars of education. Pillar of education actually means â€Å"the one that supports education†. The first one that supports education is â€Å"learning to know†, which is a bit natural to answer the question â€Å"Why do we need to learn? †, so the most possible answer would be â€Å"to be able for us to know things†. While this is true, before understanding from what we learn, we have to develop first the skills that are needed to understand these things. So the first pillar focuses on the well-known side of education which is the developing of intellectual skills in particular. These skills include the concentration, memory and the ability of a person to think. Children should have these skills because it will be their starting point or their foundation to learn more complex issues that our world is facing today. Learning is a lifelong process, so the more we learn things, the more we will understand the world around us. 2. Learning to Do The second pillar of education is the â€Å"learning to do†. This implies that we are not only learning to know (to develop intellectual skills), but we are also learning to do things out of the skills that we have developed. We do not isolate these skills on ourselves but we try to be more effective and productive by applying the se skills to develop personal competence, qualities, aptitudes and attitudes. Knowledge and skills will be put into waste if we do not utilize or apply it into real-life situations. The second pillar focuses on the effectiveness and productiveness of a person by developing and applying the skills/knowledge not only to manage one’s life but also to have the ability to be cooperative to the other members of the society and also, for the society itself. This pillar of education teaches us to adapt to the society’s demands. So the more skills we have developed, the more opportunities are accessible/ available for us to apply these skills whether in work or in life. 3. Learning to Be This pillar supports education in developing the total development of an individual. When we say total development, it does not only include the intellectual aspect but also its physical, emotional, social, moral and spiritual which an individual is made up of. It focuses on the individual himself and his personality; what are his attitudes, how does he behave, his beliefs, his interests and so on. So we do not only learn to know or develop skills nor utilize these skill/knowledge but we also learn to be a better individual not just for our family but for the society as well. Children should be taught the traits and values that we want them to develop like being responsible, honest, respectful and other traits that are considered good to develop their personality because knowing oneself first is the key to know others. 4. Learning to Live Together â€Å"Learning to live together is the last pillar of education and is considered as the most essential one. It is not only about knowledge, the application of skills or about the personality but it is the help of these three pillars that we would be able to live harmoniously. This pillar does not only refer to mere interaction and communication made by the members of the society because even if we have this communication, there are still inevitable conflicts that could occur. Knowledge here refers to have information about each other’s history and culture. We have to know and respect their beliefs, traditions and values which in turn they will respect ours. In this way, it can create a strong bond to understand each other’s differences. â€Å"Learning to Live Together refers on how to prevent conflicts in the society. We are also taught to live together with people who have different personality, different beliefs, and traditions and culture because we are not the only person in this world; we have to participate and cooperate to have peace and a just society.

Children & Television

Anita Westerly Television (TV) can have its own educational and social benefits for many children; it can also be very entertaining and educational in many ways. When children watch positive role models perform respectful acts to others that alone can inspire children to make encouraging and helpful decisions when encountering others. TV awards children the chance to explore the globe through many diverse shows that expand on different countries and places such as Space and the Deep Ocean.Children can earn about different animals, cultures, and gain exposure to different ideas that may not be available in their own town. However, the reverse also can be true; children may see or hear things on TV that parent's may not want them to learn. TV can also affect a child's health, behavior, and family in negative ways through different kinds of behavioral issues. How children learn and retain information, along with the type of programming they watch, can inspire children and adults alike t o become more involved with educational shows using flashcards and instructive guides.There are many types of learning styles among children, and to fully understand each type can be very useful for parent's who want the best for their child's education. There are three main styles that can describe how most children learn. They include the visual, auditory, and kinesthesia learners. Many children do not learn by using Just one of these categories; they can use all three if this is how they retain information the best. The way a child learns is not decided by children themselves, children will tend to use the style that most naturally comes to them.Many visual learners use pictures, diagrams, and tables to help them fully retain information (Feller & Solomon, 2000). Visual learners tend to have very vivid imaginations and learn by seeing pictures or tables; they may also think of things that they encounter or learn each day in an imagery format (Vincent & Ross, 2001). An auditory le arner may enjoy listening, talking, and carrying on conversations with others on what they are trying to learn or Just remember.With many children, by listening to their Abs's through a song, they can retain how the alphabet goes much easier. In school, auditory learners can benefit most by listening to their teachers first then repeating pictures in their mind, as do the visual learners, but rather filter incoming information through their listening and repeating skills. An auditory learner is usually very talkative and has difficulty with writing (Vincent ; Ross, 2001). Kinesthesia children choose to engage in hands-on activities that use the sense of touch to learn.For kinesthesia learners to fully understand and retain information presented to them, they must touch, feel or be able to apply the information in some ensue Tao physical activity or object. They tend to take many notes and use pictures to help remember what they learned. Kinesthesia learners also have a very difficul t time paying attention and can seem to become uninterested if there is not physical involvement of any kind (Vincent ; Ross, 2001). For example, children tend to learn their shapes faster by physically picking up an object of a certain shape and placing it through the corresponding shapes hole inside a toy box.Visual and kinesthesia learners are similar in that they both use a hands-on approach toward learning by applying what they have learned to an event in their lives or an object that they physically can see or touch. Physical hands-on learning can have its advantages, but it can provide only so much information for children. Reading and being able to fully comprehend what is being read is also a very helpful skill in retaining information. TV shows today offer plenty of educational value with different toys, games, and reading guides for the children to fully comprehend what they are watching.When children spend less time playing outside with their friends and more time in iro n of the TV, it can lead to very unhealthy eating habits. â€Å"Eighty-three percent of children from age six months to less than six years view TV or videos about one- hour and 57 minutes a day. TV viewing is a contributing factor in childhood obesity because it may take away from the time children spend doing physical activities; lead to increased energy intake through snacking and eating meals in front of the TV, and, influence children to make unhealthy food choices through exposure to food advertisements† (Obesity and Overweight for Professionals, n. . ). Children can come very impressed by the plethora of colors that a TV displays, while sitting in front of one, a child can become almost too mesmerism's. Watching two or more hours of television for children younger than two years can have detrimental effects on a child's attention span, impulsiveness, and restlessness (Alias, 2004). When toddlers are beginning their adventure into this amazing world, their brains are de veloping much more rapidly than when they will become adults. This stage is critical to children learning how to walk, associate names with faces, learning words, ND creating social bonds with others.If a child is in front of the Top often these critical developmental skills get overshadowed by TV shows and its effect on a child's attention abilities. TV by itself, without guides or books, can have very positive effects on a child's ability to explore many places, animals, or things that cannot be seen otherwise. TV can inspire children to try new activities that could lead to playing a certain sport, instrument, or trying something that they would not try without seeing someone else perform it first. The Olympic Games would be an excellent example of how TV can inspire children to try new activities they would never try before.The Olympics do not happen very often and most often it is not feasible to attend the Games themselves. Another benefit of current TV shows today can motivat e the children to read the book first or even inspire adults to challenge their child to read the book before they can attend the theater to see the movie. Whether children watch current media at home or at a relatives/friend's house, it can benefit children to have parental involvement so that they understand much more efficiently what they are watching.A channel assigned precisely for young children from infancy to preschool can assist educationally with a double influence: censorial perceptual development and an audio visual enrichment of the cultural environment (Finalized, 2012). This can, in many ways, add to the performance of a children's future education by obtaining higher test scores, making better decisions, and bringing forth greater opportunities in future educational goals such as college. When children regularly watch the same type of educational programming, they can grow a special interest for shows of educational nature further in life, expanding their knowledge b ase.Channels such as Nick Jar. Have special programming all day long for children of a younger age group, whereas, Nickelodeon offers programming tailored toward an older age group. This can make it much easier for children to find the shows that interest them. When children become interested in what they watch, the information obtained will be much easier to retain for future use. There are three different types of parental mediation that aren't can use while their children are watching TV.Restrictive Mediation, Shared Viewing, and Instructive Mediation are excellent methods for parent's to be actively involved with their children's viewing experience. Restrictive mediation is a method that some parent's use to restrict the amount of time, type of programming, and forbidden content from their children's viewing. This method is also helpful for parent's who like to use TV as a reward/punishment system. Shared viewing is purely just a parent-child viewing experience; whereas, Instruc tive Mediation refers to a aren't-child discussion of content (Warren, Egger, & Kelly, 2002).With the different types of learning styles identified in most children today, it can become quite difficult for parent's to be resourcefully involved with their children's viewing experience. When parent's fully understand each type of learning style and how their children use those different styles to efficiently and appropriately learn, they can successfully make the viewing experience for their children much more pleasurable and educational for all. Following children's TV habits is an important detail to keep n mind.

Know the Different Types of Exam Questions

Know the Different Types of Exam Questions Exam Questions: Understanding the Different Types Most exams are generally made up of different question types. Before starting to study for an exam, try to establish what genre of questions you can expect. Check all course and exam materials. Consult your tutor or lecturer if anything is not clear. This article provides some useful tips on studying for an exam and how to approach the most common question types. Answering Computational or Problem-Type Questions Questions in these categories involve solving problems with the use of calculations. If you are studying or preparing to answer computational or problem-style questions, you should: Familiarize yourself with the terminology, theories, vocabulary and any applicable formulas. Additionally you should know when and how to apply the latter. Try and get some previous exam papers to use for practice or you may find something in your course notes, texts, materials, and so on. Try answering questions of this type in their entirety and in the same manner as you would in an exam situation. Answering Essay Questions The answers to essay questions should be structured in a similar manner to any essay or scholarly report. These answers can range in length from a few short paragraphs to several pages. Reference lists will not be needed, but all sources should be acknowledged. The allocation of marks is often an indication of how long the essay should be. If you are studying or preparing to answer essay-type questions, you should: Look at previous exam papers, revision-style questions, or already-graded assignments to try to work out what questions you might get. However, you should make sure there have been no changes to the format or content of a particular style of exam. Try to write some model or ‘practice’ answers. Try practicing. For instance, you could try writing different answers as though you were in an exam situation. This involves developing an answer plan and getting your thoughts onto paper at exam speed. Things to remember when you are answering essay-type questions in an actual exam: Firstly, read and analyze every question in a meticulous manner until you are certain you understand the requirements. Do a little brainstorming to generate ideas and create an answer plan. You may find mind mapping or similar techniques helpful for this step. Write down a few keywords/phrases. Say, for instance, there are four or five key points to your answer. Make a note of these with a few keywords for every point. Your answer should begin with a brief rephrasing (in your own words) of the question. Every main point, topic or idea should be given a new paragraph. Every point should be supported with reasoning, examples and/or tangible results. Leave some space (a couple of lines) between paragraphs because you may wish to add more or new information later. With essay questions/answers, it is essential to remain within the time allocated to you. An excessive amount of time on one question can leave you short of time for subsequent questions. If you find yourself short of time, write down some key ideas and words to let the examiner know the direction you were going in. This may earn you a few extra marks. Additionally, leave plenty margin space for the exam marker. Try to make your writing as neat as possible and do your best to do some proofreading as you proceed.Answering Multiple-Choice Type Questions A multiple-choice question is made up of the first part of a sentence – known as the stem – or a full question and several (generally three to five) answer options. Those taking the test or exam are then required to select the answer they know or believe to be correct from the list of options. The allocation of marks indicates the amount of time you should devote to individual questions. If you are studying or preparing to answer multiple-choice questions, you should focus on: Names Factual details Terminology Theories and concepts, and any examples that underpin them Likenesses and differences. Things to remember when you are answering multiple-choice questions in an actual exam: Before answering any questions, read quickly through all of them and the answer options. Mark out any questions you are unsure of so that you can return to them if time permits. Answer those questions you are confident about first. After that try the other questions. Begin by marking off those answers you know to be incorrect. It is a good idea to look out for negative options in questions e.g. â€Å"which of the following are not †¦?† Do not change first answers unless you are sure. First instincts are usually correct. Stay within the time allowed to you. If time runs out and you have not answered some questions, leave them or take a guess at them. If possible, all questions should be answered even if some answers are guesswork. You just might be correct if you select an option. In some cases, however, you can lose marks for incorrect answers so be sure you understand the instructions before beginning. Answering with Short Answer Type Questions As the name suggests, these types of questions require relatively short answers, ranging from a few well-chosen words to one or two paragraphs. The allocation of marks is often an indication of how long the answer should be. If you are studying or preparing to answer short answer exam questions, you should focus on: Names Factual details Terminology Theories and concepts, and any examples that underpin them Likenesses and differences. Things to remember when you are dealing with short answer questions in an actual exam: Answers should be planned before writing commences. Answers should be brief. Questions should not be rewritten and there is no need to provide more details than the requested amount. Time may run out and you will not earn any additional marks. Do your best to answer all questions. Highlight those questions you are not sure about and return to them if time allows at the end.

The Position of Poverty

The Position of Poverty Free Online Research Papers In the United States today we are consumed with insular poverty, but you would never know it by reading the newspaper or watching the news on television. There are times, usually around election seasons, when there is an unemployment issue and it get discussed but it is not a factor in everyday life. I completely agree with Galbraith’s description of insular poverty. One of the prime examples is 5th ward in Houston, Texas. There are hundreds of illegitimate children that make up that population that also have mothers with substance abase problems. The crime rate in that area is also very high and Houston officials and state legislators do nothing to help the problem. â€Å"The result was to reduce poverty from the problem of the majority to that of a minority† (para 3). Since 5th ward is such a small part of the Houston area it is not a real concern for the city and the people that don’t live in that area. It is a community of poor black people, a minority. Galbraith, in many of his theories, has listed numerous was to remedy some of the impoverished area. They are all ideas that seem like they would be easily implemented in certain areas and 5th ward is one of those areas. If the city of Houston or the state of Texas chose to implement some of Galbraith’s ideas the community would be able to survive better. One of Galbraith’s ideas is beautification. If you make a community pretty, the residents of the area would be more likely to take care of it, simply because it gave them something to be proud of. If the politicians, or even the citizens of Houston chose to go into 5th ward and make the community attractive that would be a step in the right direction in dealing with the element. They could start by cleaning a park or painting over the graffiti that is on a school and go from there. You begin by taking baby steps and before you know it you have a lovely community before you. An additional idea that Galbraith has is putting facilities in the community that the people can benefit from. In the 5th ward the residents can benefit from a substance abuse center. It is a known fact that the majority of the citizens of that community suffer from some sort of addition to a controlled substance. Putting an easily assessable substance abuse center in the neighborhood is perfect. It allows those who really want to overcome their habit to do so with help. That community would also make good use of a Texas Workforce Commission, an unemployment office. It informs the people what establishments are hiring and where they are located. Some of the residents have not been taught how to properly look for a job and having this office in their neighborhood would be extremely helpful to them. That would be their stepping stone to finding permanent employment, something they need. Both of those examples are just expansions of Galbraith’s principle ideas. In his theories he provided many good solutions to poverty that many communities could benefit from and some have benefitted from. Research Papers on The Position of PovertyNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West Meet

Daily Fuel How quiet leadership makes a louder impact

Daily Fuel How quiet leadership makes a louder impact The desire for power is a common one, but once you obtain it, the real test begins. Both the public and private sectors are full of leaders more focused on their own personal brand than the impact they are making. Former Bush Administration official and Detroit Regional Chamber CEO Sandy Baruah explains what separates the best leaders from the show horses, but his message can apply to even the smallest of jobs. [Source: Daily Fuel]

Dichotomus key gram postive bacteria coccus Lab Report

Dichotomus key gram postive bacteria coccus - Lab Report Example However, so is the gram-(+) Streptococcus and Enterococcus. In fact, they are collectively known as the gram-(+) cocci. Thus, to differentiate them, we use the catalase test, which determines whether an organism is able to convert the toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Of the four main gram-(+) cocci genera, only Staphylococcus and Micrococcus are catalase-(+). We then try to grow it on Mannitol Salt Agar. The genus of Micrococcus is unable to use mannitol for food, and thus will not grow on MSA medium. On the other hand, Staphylococcus is able to grow on MSA because they can oxidize mannitol. Finally, we try to determine whether the unknown is S. aureus or S. epidermidis by growing it on blood agar. Since it did not cause hemolysis, then the organism is S. epidermidis, because S. aureus is a known alpha-hemolytic organism. http://www.mesacc.edu/~aleid84161/personalhomepage/Flow%20Charts.pdf, n.

Cultural Issues in Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cultural Issues in Public Schools - Essay Example It tries to define what human beings are, by either through historically, socially, and biologically. Culture has been defined with a wide range of behavior patterns and knowledge learned and acquired by a society of people. One of the institutions that promote culture is public schools, where cultural sensitivity in public schools is attributed by mainly race, age and color. Some of the cultural conflict experienced in public schools include-role of women in family decisions as well as practices and symbol systems among cultural groups. Cultural anthropology helps us gain more understanding cultures, especially the complex setups of cultures. The discipline also assists in learning how we can help every stakeholder in a given cultural setup appreciate cultural diversities and run with the right values only as he/she discards values which cannot build such a person. Public schools are institutions where core values of a culture are acquired. Such institutions can determine one’s culture through supervision of the teachers, where teachers have the responsibilities of making instructions that is cultural responsive to all students without favoring one group over the other. Mainly, people from minor culture suffers from enculturalization, where situations force him or her ascribe to the major culture (s). Such instances are evidenced as one learns another group’s tongue and can communicate in it as though his/her native language. Often than not, a culture with a strong and influential power always determines the latest life style within the public school, and thus, such a culture is esteemed the benchmark. Usually, valuable cultures of minor cultures are rarely appreciated since they are rarely exposed to a point of gaining popularity. On the other hand, major cultures may override other cultures’ values, thereafter introducing bad cultures into minor cultures. This is mainly evidenced in the way teachers wear; lower class teachers; on the basis of

Brand Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brand Management - Essay Example (Ehrenberg & Scriven, 1997) Brand users comment that the brand â€Å"tastes nice† than the non-users would say. But a popular brand has more users than a not-so popular brand. Therefore more people say that it â€Å"tastes nice† for popular brands than the not-so popular brands. The belief of â€Å"brands are brands† is supported by many ads, for example, ads create ‘attention, impact, memory traces for the brand’ but not because they are persuasive. Advertisements are used to remind people of the brand, or that such brands are still in existence or leading in the market, but ads are not used to persuade consumers to buy. Brand advertising is a creative way of informing the public but it is made not to persuade customers to buy or differentiate it from other brands. There have been only a few advertisers who do it as a way of persuasive inducements to buy the brand. When Coca-Cola advertises, it demonstrates how refreshing the soft drinks but not made to persuade to buy because it has always been a popular product bought for its refreshing taste. That is the way of publicising or informing its loyal customers. But the customers are knowledgeable people; they already know the taste of Coca-Cola and don’t need to be persuaded to buy because they already are loyal customers. An example of advertising as publicity is when a firm announces new innovations – a price cut or a new brand. But most of the time, advertisements are about issues which the ad elaborates and that the public already knows. Known brands such as Coca-Cola or Nike advertise some information to millions, even billions, of consumers around the world and yet the consumers already know what the advertisements mean. This form of advertisement is known as standard advertisement; meaning it is the same advertisement in any country. The belief that advertising is a form of persuasion is very common in the United States advertising

Business memo of moving small colorado company inti sri lanka Essay

Business memo of moving small colorado company inti sri lanka - Essay Example Indeed, we must address various internal and external factors in relation to the mode of operations and doing business by small and medium in Sri Lanka. As such, this business memo determines whether a small Colorado company, ISSAC Corporation should consider doing business in Sri Lanka after analyzing all the business dynamics, government regulations, and other factors that may influence the operations of ISSAC Corporation in Sri Lanka. Ease of Doing Business Globalization-Sri Lanka allows cross border relations and foreign investments with limited restrictions, which favor our company into moving to Sri Lanka. It has one of the most improved ease of doing business across several areas of regulations according to Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises report (Wijewardena 1). It has a well-organized small and medium enterprise (SMe) sector, which favors our decision to move ISSAC Corporation into Sri Lanka. It has the oldest democracy in South Asia and the second largest per capita income that generates a huge purchasing power, which favors our company. ... o register with Department of Labor to obtain EPF and ETF (Wijewardena 1) Cultural and International Relations Diversity Sri Lanka is a great cultural diversity with many religions, ethnicities, and languages, which favor our company as it adopts cultural diversity in its operations and services. Sri Lanka participates in international trade engagements. Sri Lanka abhors certain core values like expertise, excellence, honesty, integrity, and commitment that correlate with the core values of ISSAC Corporation (â€Å"ISSAC Corporation† 1). Human Development Index Sri Lanka has a high human development index, which stands at 93 out of 177 countries and a literacy rate of 90% making it a conducive location to start a business (Wijewardena 1). Doing Business in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka ranks at 81 out of 185 countries, which depicts the need for more reforms to make it a SMEs friendly country (Wijewardena 1). It records a poor performance in the 10 aspects that World Bank/International Finance Corporation has chosen as significant for easing the regulatory atmosphere for the SMEs. Sri Lanka made significant gains in the aspect of starting a business by moving from 71 in 2012 to 33 in 2013. However, our company will still take five days to get registration at the Registrar of Companies and one day at EPF/ETF, that is a slower rate compared to other nations (Wijewardena 1). This would delay the registration of our company in Sri Lanka. The government should seek to digitize and fasten this process. There is an improvement in property registration where Sri Lanka moved from 164 in 2012 to 143 in 2013. However, this aspect is not alive on an island-wide basis where the friendliest nations for doing business take about 26 days to register a property (Wijewardena 1). This would limit

Comparison of Healthcare, Nursing Care, and Nursing education in the Research Paper

Comparison of Healthcare, Nursing Care, and Nursing education in the US and Ireland - Research Paper Example Barring a few exceptions such as Veterans Healthcare Administration, Medicare, Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Program and TRICARE, the health insurance in the United States is predominantly provided by the private firms (Sultz & Young, 2008). Many of the Americans and their families are extended health insurance by their employers. Yet, a great many Americans are left uninsured. The US spends more money per capita on healthcare than any other nation in the world (Herzlinger, 2007). In fact a large chunk of the national income is spent on healthcare every year. Considering the very high cost of healthcare in the United States, the country has the third highest healthcare budget in the world (Herzlinger, 2007). Irrespective of the gargantuan healthcare expenditure, when it comes to parameters like infant mortality and life expectancy, the US tends to fall behind other developed nations (Herzlinger, 2007). Though there are many government funded healthcare programs, yet they are mostly limited to the veterans, the elderly, the poor, children, and disabled (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1999). Luckily, as per the federal laws, the citizens are allowed a free access to the emergency services, irrespective of their ability to pay (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1999). The hospitals, doctors and the medical personnel in the United States are primarily funded by the insurance pla ns and the payments received from the patients (Roth, 2010). Also, there are also many inequities in the US healthcare system in the context of ethnicity and financial status (Roth, 2010). Besides, United States is one of the only two countries in the world that allows the pharmaceutical companies to engage in direct to consumer advertising of prescription drugs, thereby further adding to the cost of healthcare (Roth, 2010). The current Obama administration has given way to many healthcare reforms like Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Healthcare and

Business memo of moving small colorado company inti sri lanka Essay

Business memo of moving small colorado company inti sri lanka - Essay Example Indeed, we must address various internal and external factors in relation to the mode of operations and doing business by small and medium in Sri Lanka. As such, this business memo determines whether a small Colorado company, ISSAC Corporation should consider doing business in Sri Lanka after analyzing all the business dynamics, government regulations, and other factors that may influence the operations of ISSAC Corporation in Sri Lanka. Ease of Doing Business Globalization-Sri Lanka allows cross border relations and foreign investments with limited restrictions, which favor our company into moving to Sri Lanka. It has one of the most improved ease of doing business across several areas of regulations according to Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises report (Wijewardena 1). It has a well-organized small and medium enterprise (SMe) sector, which favors our decision to move ISSAC Corporation into Sri Lanka. It has the oldest democracy in South Asia and the second largest per capita income that generates a huge purchasing power, which favors our company. ... o register with Department of Labor to obtain EPF and ETF (Wijewardena 1) Cultural and International Relations Diversity Sri Lanka is a great cultural diversity with many religions, ethnicities, and languages, which favor our company as it adopts cultural diversity in its operations and services. Sri Lanka participates in international trade engagements. Sri Lanka abhors certain core values like expertise, excellence, honesty, integrity, and commitment that correlate with the core values of ISSAC Corporation (â€Å"ISSAC Corporation† 1). Human Development Index Sri Lanka has a high human development index, which stands at 93 out of 177 countries and a literacy rate of 90% making it a conducive location to start a business (Wijewardena 1). Doing Business in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka ranks at 81 out of 185 countries, which depicts the need for more reforms to make it a SMEs friendly country (Wijewardena 1). It records a poor performance in the 10 aspects that World Bank/International Finance Corporation has chosen as significant for easing the regulatory atmosphere for the SMEs. Sri Lanka made significant gains in the aspect of starting a business by moving from 71 in 2012 to 33 in 2013. However, our company will still take five days to get registration at the Registrar of Companies and one day at EPF/ETF, that is a slower rate compared to other nations (Wijewardena 1). This would delay the registration of our company in Sri Lanka. The government should seek to digitize and fasten this process. There is an improvement in property registration where Sri Lanka moved from 164 in 2012 to 143 in 2013. However, this aspect is not alive on an island-wide basis where the friendliest nations for doing business take about 26 days to register a property (Wijewardena 1). This would limit

Strategic structure of regulatory legislative frameworks for Dissertation

Strategic structure of regulatory legislative frameworks for sustainable development of Iraqi and Kurdistan Region oil and gas r - Dissertation Example When this government was dissembled, new laws and regulatory processes had to be installed and the Constitution (2005) was the first put in place. All other laws and regulations would stem from this piece of legislative work as time went on.1 Currently, this thesis argues that Iraq’s legal system must be seen as a product of Iraq’s distinctive history and local circumstances. It analyses the current nature of Iraq’s regulatory infrastructure and notes that Iraq’s law builders have relied heavily upon the United States model which may not suit Iraq in its current state of rebuilding the country. Therefore, this thesis argues that Iraq’s approach to law reform and development in this area has not always produced a body of law that is appropriate to Iraq’s particular circumstances. Examples within the regulatory system are analysed in this chapter with proposals for better solutions made at the end of the chapter. As there are a number of ways t o conduct doctrinal research and analysis methods, this thesis follows the method of Australian higher degree research (HDR), utilizing the two part method of first locating the sources of the law and then interpreting and analysing the text accordingly, with a final presentation of solutions given at the end. As an overview of regulatory infrastructures, it is important to understand why they are in place first: to establish institutions that would provide incentives for sustainable development in long-term economic and legal commitments from all sides; and accordingly, to encourage and protect investment opportunities from both internal and external existing and potential customers.2 Regulation refers to government-instituted controls on business activity as defined by the Handbook for Evaluating Infrastructure Regulatory Systems.3 As such, regulatory infrastructures are perceived to benefit and protect both the clients and those providing the benefits of partnerships. Yet, in mos t cases, many believe that national regulatory systems have failed in Iraq to provide both commitments and protections as they were supposed to do.4 Since Iraq created its first Constitution in 2005, and while somewhat flawed in certain articles, it provides the first real sense of active regulatory infrastructure, geared to environmental and sustainable development for all its peoples. Chapter 4 Analysis This chapter reviews and analyses the regulatory infrastructure currently in place such as the Federal Iraqi Constitution and how any current regulatory systems also align with international regulations which concern oil and gas and sustainable development. The process for analysis shows that it is not enough to describe the laws, processes and institutions but that there is a two-part system of analysis through questions involved: 1) to find out if the formal governance elements have actually been implemented (who’s in charge and how) and 2) then to determine the real actio ns and decisions of the regulators because they affect the performance of all regulated enterprises through all the parts affected.5 This also aligns with working with international groups such as the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations in its various commissions. As a final observation, the Federal Constitution

Adderall Abuse and Doctor Awareness Essay Example for Free

Adderall Abuse and Doctor Awareness Essay Adderall is used in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, but has been abused in many circumstances. ADHD has been known to produce certain symptoms, which can have serious negative effects. Adderall helps in the reduction of these symptoms. However, the addictive nature of Adderall has made it one of the most abused medications without prescriptions from medical practitioners. Adderall has, nevertheless, been used effectively as attention stimulant that helps the patients to perform well throughout the day (Helms, 1476). It is, therefore, only important that awareness on the use of Adderall in persons with ADHD be increased in order to maximize the positive effects of the psycho-stimulant treatment as opposed to its negative effects. The use of Adderall in ADHD Methylphenidate has often been used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. However, many of the scientific research and studies have placed Adderall above methylphenidate in order of efficacy. Adderall, when used by persons with ADHD, it is more efficacious and lasts relatively longer in stimulating the persons’ attention (Joan and Davis 56). Further, it is more effective when applied in small doses than when used excessively. This is one of the issues that bring a point of concern in as far as Adderall abuse is concerned. Its excessive use is not what makes it effective, but rather; it only creates more side effects. Adderall is more efficient in psycho-stimulation due to the fact that it has the ability to increase the dopamine levels while preventing the re-uptake of the same (Joan and Davis 58). See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay Side effects of Adderall and Public Awareness Despite the positive effects that Adderall has in psycho stimulation, it also, like other treatment, poses serious and adverse negative effects; the perfect reason why it is important to undertake an intensive awareness on the use of Adderall in the treatment of ADHD. Some of the most adverse side effects that require effective medical response include rapid and uneven heartbeat, light-headedness, which may result in fainting, where there is high blood pressure that causes problems like unsettled concentration, and where the user feels restless and finds it extremely difficult to concentrate (Helms, 1476). Blurred vision and severe headache, excessive discomfort at the chest due to severe chest pains, seizure and numbness are also among some of the adverse side effects of Adderall treatment of ADHD. Insomnia, diarrhoea and constipation, appetite loss and weight loss, loss of sex drive and impotence, dizziness and headache are also some of the side effects although they are a bit mild (Donatelle 232). Despite all these Adderall use related side effects, it is important to note that often, people have over-used the treatment. It has been identified to be addictive hence increasing the chances of its abuse. Just like other treatments, excessive use of Adderall does not help treat ADHD. In fact, it only makes the disorder worse by creating after use problems like troubled concentration, diarrhoea, dizziness, and headache. Instead of stimulating concentration, it only succeeds in creating more attention problems when used in excess (Andrews, et al, 226). Scientific studies have shown that the use of Adderall by pregnant women is extremely dangerous to the unborn child. The rats used in one of the studies indicated that there exist long-term behavioural and neurological changes hat emanates from prenatal and early postnatal amphetamine exposure (Grilly 101). It has also been established that there are chances of low birth weight or even premature birth and the baby may show withdrawal symptoms if the mother used Adderall during pregnancy most especially when she abused the medication. In fact, sudden deaths of children have been linked with the use of Adderall treatment drugs. Consequently, in some nations, the government has made an initiative to highly control the sale of the drugs (Grilly 101). More studies were have also been commissioned to establish the effects of Adderall treatments. They have indicated that there are high risks of a patient developing cardiac defects resulting from the use of Adderall drugs (Donatelle, 232). The rate of heart beat is increased and consequently the blood pressure, when drugs of amphetamine category such as Adderall are used in the treatment of any disorder or disease. The situation gets worse when overused. However, Adderall drugs are only more dangerous when used in a way not prescribed by certified physicians or when administered in response to addiction demands (Moore, 54). Caution is also given to patients with pre-existing mental or cardiac illness since the drug has the ability of aggravating the situation. Persons with a history of drug abuse are also advised not to use Adderall, but may resort to other medical options that respond to the same problem of ADHD. This is due to the addiction nature of Adderall that makes it possible for people to abuse (Donatelle, 232). The above mentioned issues evidently illustrate that the use of Adderall has side effects; something that is shared by a number of treatment compounds. However, when used in small doses, it is more effective in stimulating one’s attention in the process of combating attention deficit. Excessive use of Adderall is extremely harmful to one’s body given the fact that it produces many side effects that in the end override the intended benefits and functions (Grilly, 343). It is, therefore, advisable for the doctors to undertake close and effective observation of their patients to ensure that there is no abuse. Prescriptions should be normal and standard taking into consideration the action of the drug in the body and the half-life of the different strains of Adderall used. It is medically unethical for doctors to provide prescriptions without confirming the status of the patient’s body. Medical examination to identify the pulse rate is necessary. In addition, medical history of the patient with relation to mental illness, cardiac problems or drug abuse or addiction is of primary importance before making a decision of putting persons with ADHD in Adderall treatment (Andrews, et al, 226). Awareness of the drug use should be enhanced most specially in colleges and universities where students have in many cases used Adderall as study drugs to make them stay awake for long periods without sleep as they study. This academic use of Adderall has contributed immensely to its overuse and addiction thereby affecting many users negatively without them realizing it. The use of Adderall has also been identified in sports to an extent that many spots organizations banned the use of the drugs by athletes without any confirmed practitioners prescriptions. It is used as a performance enhancing substance, which is against the sporting policies (Andrews, et al, 226). Adderall has also in the past been used as recreational substance due to its stimulant nature. Some people crush and snort it while others mix it with water in order to use it as injections. Some people use it together with alcohol in order to achieve high level recreation (Moore, 54). The above mentioned different uses of Adderall indicate the extent to which the drug is abused. Awareness is thus important in order to make people understand that it is only meant for the treatment of ADHD, which should also be done in small doses. In order to reinforce the effective use of Adderall, majorly for the stimulation of attention in people with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, the government ought to legislate against over-the-counter sale of the drug. It should only be made available in hospitals where patients are given after the certification and prescription by the doctors, which should be followed by proper medical examination. Persons found selling the drugs to people who are not prescribed for should be prosecuted (Andrews, et al, 226). The problem that faces the administration of Adderall is that there is not a single standardized dosage because adjustments are allowed according to the patients’ therapeutic needs. However, it is important to consider the fact that Adderall must only be administered in lower dosages despite the adjustments. First and foremost, it is absolutely not recommended for persons or children under the age of 3 years old. Between 3 and 5 years old, the dosage should be 2.5 mg daily with recommended increase of 2.5 mg on weekly intervals. For 6 or more years old children, it is advisable to start them on a 5 mg once or twice a day with increments of the same at weekly intervals on daily basis. The drug administration at all ages should be stopped whenever optimal response is achieved (Grilly, 343). Conclusion Adderall is effective in the treatment of ADHD, but must be ethically administered. Doctors should prescribe the medication after undertaking detailed medical examination in order to identify whether the patient qualifies for the use of the drug. It must be used only for therapeutic roles only without disposing the drugs for non-therapeutic use. In order to reinforce the awareness, governments should intervene and pass legislations that control the sale and use of the drug.

Oil Platforms Case Study

Oil Platforms Case Study The Oil Platforms Case The Rule of Force in International Law I. Introduction This paper relates to the Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States) of the International Court of Justice and its decision on the same delivered on November 6th, 2003. The dispute is related to a series of events that occurred during the Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988. During the war, due to attacks on merchant shipping vessels in the Persian Gulf, the US and other states engaged in â€Å"counter-attack† by targeting two Iranian oil platforms and severely damaging them in separate incidents. The US argued that it was only responding to a perceived threat and the attacks were only in the interest of security in the region. Tehran, not buying this theory of self-defence put forth by the US, cited several violations of bi-lateral International treaties crying foul over such use force. The prohibition of the usage of force by states in engrafted in customary international law as well as in Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter. But both fall short of containing force that is used in the States exercise of the right of self-defence. The ICJ in this particular case had to assert whether the force used by the US was really pre-emptive in nature; if it was, was it proportionate. The court whilst delivering its judgment developed an interesting new theory on such use of force by a state, a theory which has only been received critically. This paper shall seek to explore this particular theory in light of the aforementioned case. It must also be noted that this being a recent judgment holds immense practical significance with regard to the US operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and the troubled Baluchistan and NWFP provinces of Pakistan. To facilitate easy study, this paper has been divided into three parts; the first shall be an appraisal of the facts of the case itself, the second shall be a study of Article 2(4) and the final part will be a review judgment. II. The Facts of the Case and its Backdrop The case arose out of certain incidents during the Iran-Iraq war from 1980 to 1988. The case before the international Court of Justice revolved around the legality of the use of force with relation to two specific attacks against Iranian interests by US forces during the course of the war. The first instance was on October 19th, 1987. The US navy launched armed attacks against Irans Reshadat and Resalat oil complexes, both located in the Persian Gulf. This resulted in the complete annihilation of one of the oil platforms, whereas the other was severely damaged. As justification, the US claimed it was acting in ‘self-defence and the attack was in response to a missile strike three days prior on the Sea Isle City, a Kuwaiti tanker rebadged as a US flag-carrier in order to better ensure its safety. The second attack occurred a year later on April 18th, 1988 when US naval strikes severely damaged the Iranian Nasr and Salman complexes, nearly destroying the former. This time the US resorted to its prior justification of â€Å"acting in self-defence† again by stating that the attacks were in response to an American frigate, the USS Samuel B. Roberts, having been struck by a mine whilst sailing in international waters near Bahrain. On both instances the US notified the United Nations Security Council of its course of action in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter. The Iranian Government in its Application to the court based its claims on the 1955Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between the US and Iran (the Treaty), not sparing basic principles of international law. The Courts (the International Court of Justice) jurisdiction was founded on Article XXI (2) of the Treaty. Article I of the Treaty provided that â€Å"there shall be firm and enduring peace and sincere friendship between the United States of America and Iran†. Article X(1) of the Treaty provided that there should be freedom of commerce and navigation between the parties territories: â€Å"Between the territories of the two High Contracting Parties there shall be freedom of commerce and navigation.† Based on Articles I and X(1) of the Treaty of Amity, Iran accused the United States of having breached the Treaty by attacking and destroying the oil platforms. It also submitted that United States â€Å"patently hostile and threatening attitude towards the Islamic Republic of Iran† was a breach of the very purpose and object of the Treaty of amity including Articles I and X(1), and principles of international law, and that the US was under an obligation to make reparations to Iran for the violation of such legal obligations. The US denied any breach of obligation with Iran under Article X(1) and replied that the attacks were necessary to protect its national security. This, according to the US, was covered by Article XX(1)(d) of the Treaty and read: â€Å"The present Treaty shall not preclude the application of measures: (d) necessary to fulfill the obligations of a High Contracting Party for the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security, or necessary to protect its essential security interests.† Also, the US, in another counter-claim pleaded unsuccessfully, claimed that Iran had violated Article X of the Treaty by attacking its vessels and laying mines in the Persian Gulf and â€Å"engaging in activities from 1987 to 1988 that were dangerous and detrimental to maritime commerce and navigation†. The US claims of military attack on merchant vessels and warships were not completely unfounded. During the from 1984 to 1988, known as the Tanker War, numerous vessels were attacked in the Persian Gulf and such attacks were perceived to be purported by the Iranian military by means of aerial attacks and the use of mines. The Llyods Maritime Information Service list noted more 546 incidents, 200 of which were directly attributed to Iran. Iran, however, directed such accusations to Iraq and claimed responsibility for none. It must be noted here that the Treaty of Amity was signed between the US and Iran back in 1955. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran and the installation of the Khomeini as the head-of-state in all practical aspects, relations between the two states soured and was particularly before the start of the Iran-Iraq war. During the revolution, the US expressed its dissatisfaction with affairs in Iran by severing all diplomatic ties with the Islamic state. The American embassy at Tehran was seiged by supporters of the Khomeini and Americans were taken hostage for a considerable period of time. Irans previous democratically regime headed by the Shah had been seen by the US as an ally; this did not go down too well with its new Government which accused the US of â€Å"over-involvement† with its internal affairs during the past regime. Further, the new government of Iran saw the inability of the Security Council to prevent and contain Iraqs invasion of Iran in September, 1980 as the result of an anti-Iran bias in the Council and even in the UN as a whole. Under such circumstances, the Iranian regime saw the increasing presence of American forces in the Persian Gulf as a perceived threat to its interests resulting in the attacks. Ergo, this conflict was not completely unpredictable; nor was it unavoidable as it had been on the offing for a while. In this respect, the Security Council had failed to check the rising tension between the two states. As a body whose primary task is maintaining world peace and stability it had failed to contain such a conflict which could have been resolved had it played a more active role in mediation between the states. III. Article 2(4) The Blind-spot Article 2(4) of the UN Charter reads: This provision of the Charter however, finds itself lacking and is ill-equipped to handle a rather important aspect international armed conflict. Its blind-spot it has no provisions for prohibition of military threats or the threat of use of force. The ambit of article 2(4) is limited to actual use of military force and â€Å"threats† to impose economic or political sanctions are beyond it. According to the general scheme of the UN charter, a violation of Ar. 2(4) may be justified only on two grounds recourse to self defence and authorisation by the UNSC. This brings us to the moot question Are states free to reciprocate to threats when no armed attack has actually occurred? This question has been left unanswered and its outcome the many wars fought even after the UN Charter was adopted. Two perfect examples of such a situation arose in Europe in August, 1914, the beginning of the First World War and again during the Second World War. The question before a nation is whether to ignore the military threat or to issue a counter-threat. In such a situation when one party is advantaged by overwhelming military threat, the threat involved will become lopsided and there will not be any real escalation or build-up of bilateral tension. Any country will always place self-defence on a higher footing as compared to a policy of self-restraint considering the demands of national security. The prohibition on the use of force is found both in customary international law and, as stated above, in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. According to the UN Charter a state is not allowed to use force as a response to any intervention that falls short of an armed attack. The criterions established for the exercise of such retaliatory force include requirements that the force used must be necessary to repel the armed attack; it must be absolutely unavoidable and the force used must be proportionate. The Nicaragua decision [Case Concerning Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA)] echoed this principle. Article 51 carrying forward from Article 2(4) too recognizes states right to act in individual and collective self-defence if an armed attack is suffered by any member-state of the UN. Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, force may also be used to preserve or restore international peace and security in accordance with decisions of the UN Security Council. In the Nicaragua case, the Court rejected US arguments that US support for military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua could be justified on a basis of collective self-defence. These activities included certain activity of the contras in Nicaragua, including specified attacks, secret mine-laying, and a trade embargo imposed by the US against Nicaragua. The Court found the United States was in breach inter-alia of its obligations under customary international law not to intervene in the affairs of another State, not to violate the sovereignty of another State, not to interrupt peaceful maritime commerce and not to use force against another State. The US had also violated bilateral obligations to Nicaragua under a 1956 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of Nicaragua. In the Nicaragua case the US chose not to appear before the Court during proceedings on the merits of the case. The Courts jurisdiction was founded on the United States 1946 declaration of acceptance of the Courts jurisdiction under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the Court, as well as on the bilateral 1956 Treaty. IV. The Judgement The approach taken by the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms case was controversial. In respect of Irans claim, the Court decided to address the question of whether the US attacks on Iranian oil platforms fell within Article XX(1)(d), before moving on to considerwhether there had been a breach of Article X(1) as requestedby Iran. In examining the application of Article XX(1)(d) the Courtdecided to focus on whether US recourse to force had been consistentwith international law on self-defence. The Court reasoned that evena provision protecting national security interests could not have beenintended to sanction the use of force inconsistently with relevant internationallaw. The Court proceeded to find that the US had exceededthe boundaries of international law on the use of force, and this disposedof the US claim that it was protected by Article XX(1)(d). In this way, the case centred on the illegality of the usage of force by the US. Recalling the discussion Article 2(4), the Court found that the US had failed to produce enough evidence to prove an Iranian â€Å"armed attack† in the case of the Sea Isle City and the Samuel B. Roberts. The evidence furnished by the US was so inconclusive that the Court did not discount the possibility of the attacks being carried out by Iraq. The Court noted that the Sea Isle City, at the time of the attack, was in Kuwaiti waters and the missile was launched on to it from a distance of over a hundred kilometres. The target of the missile, considering the great distance, could not have been pre-determined and it could have been intended to strike just about any target in Kuwaiti waters. With regard to the impugned mine-laying activities of Iran, the Court was again discontent with the evidence provided. There was no conclusive evidence to prove that the mine struck by the USS Samuel B. Roberts was indeed an Iranian one. The region at that time was in a state of turmoil. Both parties were engaged in mining the conflict zone and merely because the impugned mines bore numbers matching an Iranian series, Iran can not be held guilty. Whilst leaving room for speculation with the issue of the origin of the mines, the Court felt that even if they had actually been of Iranian origin, the US attacks on the Salman and Nasr complexes were unjustified. Recalling the Nicaragua decision, the Court opined that the Iranian attacks, if at all they were Iranian, did not qualify as â€Å"the ‘most grave form of the use of force† and the US can not claim the defence of â€Å"inherent right of self-defence†. The US contended that the oil platforms were being used as military bases by Iran and were being used for the collection and reporting of intelligence on passing vessels. In this regard too, the Court found the American evidence lacking. Even if the accusations against Iran had been true, the Court opined that the attacks made on the platforms could not have been justified as acts of self-defence. The criteria for claiming the defence of ‘self-defence had been established by the Court while acting in its advisory role in the case of Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons; they were â€Å"necessity† and â€Å"proportionality†. The US had failed to make out a sufficient cause on both grounds. The Court noted that the attacks on the platforms were not ‘necessary as a response to the attacks on the American vessels and the US admitted to have attacked them as a â€Å"target of opportunity† and not as pre-determined military targets. While the US attack on the Reshadat and Resalat complexes might have been considered proportionate if it had been found to be necessary, the Court made clear its view that the US attack on the Salman and Nasr platforms could not be regarded as meeting the criterion of proportionality. Although the Samuel B. Roberts had been severely damaged it had not been sunk and there had been no loss of life. The Court concluded that as the US attacks on the Iranian oil platform were not consistent with these requirements of international law on self-defence they could not be found to fall within the protection of Article XX(1)(d) of the Treaty of Amity. Only at this point did the US get some reprieve when the Court turned to the Iranian accusation of the US having breached Article X(1) of the Treaty of Amity by interfering with the freedom of commerce and navigation between the territories of the two parties. The Court found that Iran had failed to establish that the US had breached Article X(1) on the occasion of either of the attacks at issue. In respect of the first US attack, on the Reshadat and Resalat platforms, the Court reached this conclusion primarily on the basis that these platforms had been put out of commission by earlier Iraqi attacks and were not producing oil at the time. Therefore there was no interference with commerce in oil. In respect of the second US attack, on the Salman and Nasr platforms, the Courts reasoning was that the US had already stopped all direct oil imports from Iran under an embargo imposed by Executive Order. Therefore, no interference with commerce in oil had resulted from this second attack. T he Court emphasised that Article X(1) applied only to protect freedom of commerce and navigation between the territories of the two parties, and its protection did not extend to indirect commerce in oil that continued despite the embargo via the territories of third parties. Accordingly, neither of the US attacks on the Iranian Oil Platforms was found to have interfered with freedom of commerce in oil. The US counterclaim against Iran likewise failed because none of the affected vessels was engaged in commerce or navigation between the territories of the two parties. Summing the case, in its dispositif at the end of its judgment, the Court stated that, by fourteen votes to two, it: Finds the actions of the United States of America against Iranian oil platforms on 19 October 1987 and 18 April 1988 cannot be justified as measures necessary to protect the essential security interests of the United States of America under Article XX, paragraph 1(d), of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between the United States of America and Iran, as interpreted in the light of international law on the use of force; finds further that the Court cannot however uphold the submission of the Islamic Republic of Iran that those actions constitute a breach of the obligations of the United States of America under Article X, paragraph 1, of that Treaty, regarding freedom of commerce between the territories of the parties, and that, accordingly, the claim of the Islamic Republic of Iran for reparation also cannot be upheld. V. Comments The Oil Platforms case is of immense significance in present times in light of the growing military activities of the US in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, its detractors criticise the judgment by stating that it laid too little importance on the aspect of trade and commerce and the role it plays in armed conflict. This can not be ignored completely; after all, most battles are fought with a hidden economic interest for atleast one of the parties. The dissenting judges opined that the Court let pass an opportunity for more lengthy engagement with significant questions associated with the effects of armed conflict on trade and commercial activity. But, this cases primary focus was the use of force and in the opinion of the researcher it has done absolute justice in establishing its principle. The conditions of â€Å"necessity† and â€Å"proportionality† have not only been reinforced by the Court but also been developed to address the growing concerns of armed conflicts between states. As the future of Afghanistan and Iraq unfold before us and American interest in Irans affairs rises, the contribution of the judgment in the Oil Platforms case can not be ignored. It shall be the judge in assessing US activities in the region and will assist in developing the yard-stick of the usage of force. In a way future military activities of the US and other NATO allies will be moulded by it, ensuring a more secure world. Bibliography Harris D.J., Cases and Materials on International Law, Sweet Maxwell, London, 6th edition. Goodrich Leland, Hanbro Eward, Simmons Anne, Charter of the UN: Commentary Documents, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition. Sturchler Nikolas, The Threat of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. General List No 90, I.C.J. Reports 2003 Sturchler Nikolas, The Threat of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. See the Courts Order dated 12th December, 1996. Judgment of the Court, para 23. Counter-Memorial of the United States, Exhibit 9, referred to in the Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, para 11. See the Courts Judgment of 24 May 1980 in the Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran. Judgment of the Court, para 23ff; Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, para 5ff. Goodrich Leland, Hanbro Eward, Simmons Anne, Charter of the UN: Commentary Documents, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, p. 49. Supra n.2 Sturchler Nikolas, The Threat of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. General List no.70, Judgment of the Court of 27th June, 1986. Ibid. Judgment of the Court, para 61. Ibid., para 72. Ibid., para 64. Judgment of the Court, para. 71. Judgment of the Court, para. 64. Judgment of the Court, para. 74. ICJ Reports 1996 (I), p. 245, para.41. Judgment of the Court, para. 76. Judgment of the Court, para. 77. Judgment of the Court, para. 92ff. Judgment of the Court, para. 94ff. Separate Opinion of Judge Higgins para 51.

Essay --

Arjen johtaminen kolmesta nà ¤kà ¶kulmasta Onnistuakseen esimiehen pità ¤Ãƒ ¤ miettià ¤ omat johtamisperiaatteensa syvà ¤llisesti. Periaatteet jotka on harkitut auttavat, kun eteen tulee yllà ¤ttà ¤vià ¤ tilanteita. Se ei ole harvinaista kun toimitaan esimiestyà ¶ssà ¤. Periaatteiden lisà ¤ksi johdonmukaisuus on tà ¤rkeà ¤Ãƒ ¤. Arvovaltasi murenee jos sanot yhtà ¤ ja teet toista. Kaikesta edellà ¤ sanotusta huolimatta viisas johtaja osaa myà ¶s joustaa periaatteistaan. Kiveen kirjoitetut sà ¤Ãƒ ¤nnà ¶t eivà ¤t koskaan pysty ratkomaan kaikkia mahdollisia tilanteita parhain pà ¤in. Esimiehellà ¤ tulee olla tilanne-tajua ja pelisilmà ¤Ãƒ ¤. †Kehityskeskustelut on usein kompastuskivi sillà ¤ se on terminà ¤ ja kà ¤sitteenà ¤ nykyisin sekoitus terapiaa, molemminpuolista epà ¤varmuutta, mà ¤Ãƒ ¤rà ¤muotoisuutta ja yleisempà ¤Ãƒ ¤ yrityksen epà ¤tietoisuutta. Ohjaamisen và ¤lineenà ¤ se on hidasliikkeinen ja todellisuuteen hatarasti kiinnittynyt† (Moisalo 2010). Tiimit olivat rakentaneet esityksensà ¤ varsin mallikkaasti ja keskustelu kà ¤vi vilkkaana teemakeskusteluissa. Esimiehen palautteen antamista alaiselleen pidettiin merkittà ¤và ¤nà ¤ kannustajana sillà ¤ sen todettiin parantavan yksilà ¶n, ryhmà ¤n ja yrityksen tuloksia sekà ¤ tehokkuutta. Palautteen antaminen auttaa, silloin kun se on kaksisuuntaista, tunnistamaan ja ratkaisemaan ongelmia sekà ¤ selkiyttà ¤mà ¤Ãƒ ¤n tavoitteita ja lisà ¤Ãƒ ¤mà ¤Ãƒ ¤n tyà ¶motivaatiota. Palautteen antamisella on myà ¶s tyà ¶hyvinvointia yllà ¤pità ¤và ¤ vaikutus. Palaute Palautteen antamisessa on kuitenkin huomioitava seuraavat seikat. Palaute tulee olla - tyà ¶- ja asiakeskeistà ¤ - rakentavaa, neuvovaa ja kehittà ¤và ¤Ãƒ ¤ - yksilà ¶llistà ¤ eli otetaan yksilà ¶ huomioon palautteen sisà ¤llà ¶ssà ¤ ja palautteen antotavassa - palaute tulee olla vuorovaikutteista - perusteltua jolloin kerrotaan palautteeseen vaikuttavat tekijà ¤t Palaute tulisi a... ...ovat valmiita joustamaan muuttuvissa tilanteissa. Hiljainen tieto erottaa mestarin ja noviisin toisistaan, vaikka heillà ¤ olisikin sama koulutustausta. Hiljainen tieto on yritysten keskeinen henkinen pà ¤Ãƒ ¤oma, joka muodostuu koko organisaation yhteisestà ¤ ja sen jà ¤senten yksilà ¶llisestà ¤ osaamisesta, tiedosta ja taidoista. Hiljainen tieto karttuu và ¤hitellen yhteisessà ¤ tyà ¶skentelyssà ¤. Yhteisà ¶ on aina tietà ¤và ¤mpi ja etevà ¤mpi kuin kaikkien jà ¤senten osaamisen summa. Suuri osa tà ¤stà ¤ yhteisestà ¤ osaamisesta on yhteisen kokemuksen kautta hankittua hiljaista tietoa. Koska sità ¤ on vaikea dokumentoida, mahdoton pukea sanoiksi, se on itsestà ¤Ãƒ ¤n selvà ¤Ãƒ ¤ eikà ¤ sità ¤ tarvitse dokumentoida. Tarkoituksella, jolloin se on joko salaista tai pantattua. Todettiin lopuksi myà ¶s ettà ¤ on myà ¶s negatiivista hiljaista tietoa, jota ei haluta siirtà ¤Ãƒ ¤ ja ettà ¤ yksintyà ¶skentelyssà ¤ hiljaista tietoa ei siirry.

Gel Electrophoresis

Laura Gallagher Partner: Rob Einersen Biology Period D Mr. Alvarez 15 February 2013 Gel Electrophoresis Introduction: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis is a process in which the process of determining whether a strand of DNA is either positively or negatively charged. The container in which the gel is stored has a negative and positive side; whichever side the DNA molecules go to means the DNA is charged the opposite way. (Ware, Lunte, Gardiner)For example if a DNA molecule goes to the negative side that means that the DNA is positively charged and vice versa.The agarose gel is composed of a fine powder substance, water and a buffer solution. The solution must be boiled to its boiling point then you have to pour the solution into a casting mold there also needs to be a comb that leaves six holds in the mold. It must be left in the casting mold for about a half an hour for the gel to solidify. Electrophoresis has a few different uses such as establishing the size of a strand or molecule of DNA or RNA. (Bowen) It can also be used to find out family members or criminals or tests of that manner. This is all possible because of the DNA’s charge and the charge of the molds.Although if a DNA molecule is too big it is not going to be able travel fast through the so it is better for the experiment if the DNA molecules are small. To get the DNA small restriction enzymes are used. (Roberts) Restriction enzymes cut specific DNA molecules in half which helps with the travel through the gel. Before the electrophoresis machine was developed people used to use gravity to separate DNADNA molecules are going to be negative and smaller molecules are going to move farther than the larger molecules. The purpose of this lab is to learn how to create an agarose gel and properly load a well in an agarose gel.The purpose is also to learning how to use electrophoresis equipment and how to analyze the results of DNA electrophoresis. Methods and Materials: Start off, by gathering all of the necessary materials for the beginning which is 1. 2 mL of gel buffer in one graduated cylinder, in a separate graduated cylinder58. 8 mL of water and 0. 48 g of agarose powder. Next take an Erlenmeyer flask and mix all three of the substances, place the flask on a hot plate and keep swooshing the mixture in the flask. Repeat that step until the liquid in the hot plate becomes clear, make sure that the solution does not boil.Let the solution sit until it is lukewarm. Now, the molding tray should be prepared by taping off the sides with painters tape so no liquid can escape. Place the comb in the designated slot in the molding tray and pour the agarose solution into the mold tray. Now, take a graduated cylinder and pour in 8 mL of the buffer solution and 400 mL of water, then, pour it into the gel box. After the gel solidifies, with extreme caution, remove the painters tape and comb. Next, take the mold tray and place it on the table; now, take six disposable pipettes and the colo red dye from you teacher and fill each pipette with a different color.After each pipette has a different color, empty the pipette not too far in or too close to the surface of each well. Next, place the mold tray in the gel box, close the lid, and plug it in for about a half an hour. After the half an hour is up, take a couple pictures of the mold tray and the results that you saw. Results: Figure 1 Figure 2 As you see in figure 1, the dye pigments have been placed in each well and it is not perfect some of the dye have gotten out and leaked out on the top of the gel.That is okay though because the experiment was still a success because the dye pigments did move with the DNA molecules as you can see in figure 2. The dye pigments in all of the wells except for the well at the very top, all moved towards the positive side of the tray. The well at the very top contained positively charged DNA so that DNA started to move towards the negative side of the tray. Discussion: For the most pa rt, my hypothesis was correct, I was correct about the smaller particles moving further than the larger particles. I was correct and incorrect when I said that The DNA molecules are going to be negative. I as correct because five out of six were negative, although there was one that was positive so it did not go in the same direction as the other five. DNA’s direction is only influenced by one factor, which is whether the DNA is negatively or positively charged. This directly affects why the DNA moved the positive pole because DNA is negative so due to attraction it goes to the positive side of the pole. When a molecule is moving its rate of length and speed correlates with its size, if a molecule of DNA is large, it is going to be harder for it to move so it would be much easier for a small molecule of DNA to move across the gel.You can the molecules of DNA moving because they are dyed with the dye pigments. Electrophoresis causes the smaller DNA molecules to move further be cause it is easier for the positive charge to pull smaller pieces of DNA. Though, for this to happen, the power has to be turned on. Once the power is turned on it also turns on each end’s charge on each side of the tray so the DNA is attracted to that side of the tray. Most of the DNA the molecules carried a negative charge. A negative charge is carried because those molecules went towards the positive pole.Although those few molecules carried a positive charge so they went to the negative pole. The banding patterns in the gel are determined by the size of the DNA molecule. It can be interpreted as some of the DNA molecules weren’t broken down as small as others. Scientists use the number of nucleotides in one sample and it is compared to another blood sample. All of the similarities and differences add up. Also the sequences of the bases in a chain of DNA. In many murder investigations, DNA is used to find the culprit. Such as the case of James Anagnos, James was bea ten and stabbed to death in 1977 in his bar. NBC) James was holding a strand of hair that belonged to his murderer. Three decades later they compared the DNA is the strand of hair to a man named Frank Wright, it was a match. It didn’t serve any justice though, because Wright died in 2002. This is similar to the case of Priscilla Ann Blevins. Priscilla’s remains were found off an interstate and they were stored in a facility and kept under the name â€Å"Jane Doe†. (Lohr) Blevins’ genetic information was entered into a computer and it matched up with â€Å"Jane Doe† and was later confirmed with dental records.DNA helped to resolve this 37 year old cold case just like it did for the 1993 murder of Alie Berrelez. Alie was a five year old girl who was sitting in her apartment complex eating pizza when she was kidnapped. (Curry) Alie’s remains were found four days later stashed next to a creek. Nick Stofer was the main suspect but they couldnâ₠¬â„¢t arrest him because they didn’t have enough evidence against him. When this crime happened there was no such thing as DNA testing so there was no way they could prove it was him. In 2011, they compared DNA from Alie’s under to Nick Stofer and it was a match.Again Stofer died before he could stand trial, he died in 2001. Bibliography B. R. Ware,  Susan Lunte,  Kathleen Gardiner, 2012, â€Å"Electrophoresis,† in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Education, Retrieved from http://www. accessscience. com/content. aspx? searchStr=Electrophoresis&id=226400 Bowen R. , 2000, â€Å"Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA†, in Colostate, Retrieved from http://arbl. cvmbs. colostate. edu/hbooks/genetics/biotech/gels/agardna. html Richard Roberts, 2012, â€Å"Restriction enzyme,† in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Education, Retrieved from http://www. accessscience. com/content. aspx? earchStr=restriction+enzymes&id=584150 2010, â€Å"Three Decade Old Murder M ystery Solved Using DNA† , in NBC California, retrieved from http://www. nbclosangeles. com/news/local/Three-Decade-Old-Murder-Mystery-Solved-Using-DNA-101944298. html Lohr D. , â€Å"After 37 Years, Priscilla Ann Blevins' Disappearance Solved Using DNA†, Huffington Post, Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/11/01/priscilla-ann-blevins_n_2059155. htmlCurry C. , 2011, â€Å"Cold Case of Murdered 5-Year-Old Alie Berrelez Solved†, ABC News, retrieved from http://abcnews. go. com/US/cold-case-year-murdered-1993-solved-dna/story? id=14510785

Healthcare Disparity In Different Race Health And Social Care Essay

The United States health care system has been found to endure from different defects runing from the mode in which the insurance screen works, to the mode in which persons in different races are treated. Furthermore, the US over the old ages has been badly affected by the favoritism in different degrees based on age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, to call but a few. In add-on, many people have been denied wellness attention, or have had their medical intervention withheld due to their cultural position, or gender orientation. Therefore, as a consequence a figure of studies have been conducted in order to come up with an efficient system of extinguishing these jobs. Therefore, in this research, the research wishes to explain that disparities in heath attention do really be, but even though they tend to be elusive, there are assorted schemes which when employed good could take to decreased degrees of disparities, and increased quality of health care. Concepts and Definition of Health care disparities Healthcare Disparities: these relates to the differences, which exists sing the quality of the health care that is given to persons of different races, different ethnicities, socioeconomic groups, every bit good as sexual orientation ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . Hence, different groupings in society receive different values in footings of quality, of the health care services. In add-on, health care disparities has been regarded by the Health Resources and Services Administration as the differences that emerge out of the assorted population categorizations in footings of the manifestation of disease, wellness wakes, every bit good as the degree to which people entree health care services ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004 ) . Research Questions The research aims at accomplishing replies to the undermentioned inquiries: What is the nature of disparities in the United States? What are the prevailing disparities in the bringing of health care services? What is the impact of personal features on the quality of and entree to healthcare? What are the cardinal means to extinguishing disparities that exist in the health care service? Research Aims The general aim for the research is to happen ways of extinguishing healthcare disparities in the United States Specific aims are, To happen out the assorted signifiers of disparities in health care To happen out the jobs the quality of health care disparities in the United States To happen out the greatly affected persons in footings of health care disparities Research Hypothesis * Null Hypothesis It is merely through a combined attempt that the prevalent wellness attention disparities could be eliminated * Alternate Hypothesis Health attention disparities can non be eliminated even through combined attempts. Significance/Purpose of survey The United States comprises of different groups of people both coming from different countries of the universe. All these persons quest for high-quality wellness attention services, which have been discovered to exhibit differential results in relation to different races. Therefore, this research is cardinal owing to the fact that the proviso of efficient wellness attention is a demand for every one in the United States, like any other portion of the universe. Minorities suffer due to these jobs. Restrictions of the survey This survey is limited to secondary stuffs which have already been published therefore no original beginnings used. It is farther limited to the informations collected in the US even though cognition of other parts of the universe have been critical to the development of this research Healthcare Disparities in different Race Disparity relates to the state of affairs characterized by the absence of equity in footings of one ‘s ranking, age, every bit good as grade ; it really indicate to unfairness, divergency, incompatibility every bit good as difference ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, there is a close nexus between disparity in the health care services and equity. However, a figure of differences do be at the single degree. This includes the response of less medicine because of the degree at which the disease under consideration is has reached. It could besides be because of one ‘s ain pick to have medicine ; due to systemic barriers towards the attainment of the necessary medicine ; it could be because of both factors, which have been outlined above ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Furthermore, a requirement for the designation of disparities is the expected quality of service to be attained by patients ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . However, the health care disparity that has been presented by the AHRQ operates under the premise that its quality of effectivity has been scientifically proven, by a professional justification that it can be provided to all the patients ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Consequently, all patients have a right to quality health care, but in order for that to be attained, they need to hold entree to it. However, persons ‘ entree to healthcare exhibits changing dimensions as respects to the chance to have proper and effectual attention. Unfortunately, health care professionals have non yet attained conclusive determinations sing the appropriate agencies of achieving quality uplifting. Furthermore, different races exhibit different characteristics under consideration depending on the racial, cultural, geographic, every bit good as socioeconomic groups, and de pending on the cogency of the measuring tool. Besides, persons have changing behaviours as a consequence of linguistic communication barriers, cultural beliefs, differences in the preference to quest for a timely health care, every bit good as the degree to which persons believe in the health care practicians ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . On the other manus, even though persons quest for health care services, they might be constrained by a figure of factors, including, but non limited to, persons ‘ capacity to afford health care, one ‘s geographical location, the manner in which health care services is delivered, the attitude of the medical practician, every bit good as the degree of uncertainness exhibited by persons ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, there are assorted persons involved in the health care proviso model. And these persons have changing mentality on the mode in which duty is to be divided runing from the single degree, the private, every bit good as the public sectors degree. Hence, this facet possesses a strong challenge on the procedure of placing the proper class of action from the parties that are involved. Furthermore, the differences that exist in footings of quality of health care service to persons are non changeless but instead changing. Furthermore, differences, whether little or large, do non connote the urgency of the health care disparity. Hence, harmonizing to the Agency for Health Research Quality even a smaller disparity could connote an implicit in pressing demand to be addressed ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Well, a desperate demand to understand the impact of the features of single patients on the quality of health care emerges. In add-on, it is really beyond doubt that persons differ in footings of race, ethnicity, instruction, location, income, every bit good as age, to call but a few. Harmonizing to the Agency for Health Research Quality study, it has been proofed that there is prevailing inequality in the quality of health care in the United States based on specific groups and specific fortunes ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, one needs to understand the implicit in grounds for disparities, countries where disparities take topographic point, every bit good as the mode in which these disparities take topographic point. Therefore, disparities have been found to impact minorities more that whites ; that is, minorities such as African Americans, Asiatic Americans, Native Americans, every bit good as Latinos ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004 ) . Furthermore, Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, who continue to admit the overpowering impact of disparities more on minorities with immense incidences of drawn-out diseases, greater rate of mortality, in add-on to hapless results in footings of wellness ( p.4 ) , have besides truly repeat this avowal. For case, malignant neoplastic disease has been rated among the African Americans to be 10 % more compared to incidences of it among the white population in the United States ( American Public Health Association, 2004 ) . Besides, a related incident has besides been identified in relation to the impact O diabetes on big African Americans every bit good as Latinos, who are seen to be twice hazardous than Whites ( American Public Health Association, 2004 ) . Therefor e, as it has been statistically observed, minorities stand to lose every bit far as healthcare disparity is concerned. This concern is farther cited in instances of cardiovascular unwellnesss, infant mortalities, every bit good as in instances of HIV/AIDS, whereby the minorities have been found to see increased incidences of the jobs under this consideration than Whites ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.5 ) . Harmonizing to Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, many treatments have been in advancement sing the drift for wellness disparities in line with cultural every bit good as racial groupings ( 1999 ) . Nevertheless, a consensus that unites all parties concerned in assorted arguments about wellness disparities includes three major countries. Chiefly, one are relates to the environmental every bit good as socioeconomic characteristics of the assorted cultural every bit good as racial categorizations ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . In add-on to this is the understanding that people populating in hapless societal conditions, exhibit a higher hazard of obtaining hapless quality health care ; the same applies to hapless economic status persons ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . Secondly, some categorizations of people meet up with assorted barriers in their due pursuit to entree wellness attention proviso system ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . Third, it h as besides been cited out that different cultural every bit good as racial categorization groups do obtain different quality of wellness attention based on their racial and cultural beginning ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.7 ) . However, put aside the aforesaid causes of disparities, the most of import demand is to hold an overview of the effects that these disparities have on the affected persons, both in footings of entree, every bit good as in footings of the quality of wellness attention attained. The same applies to ethnicity every bit good as racial disparities, in which there has been enormous research on over the old ages. Therefore, it is of import to observe that the information sing socio-economic wellness disparities is less outstanding comparison to the 1 on ethnicity and racial groups ( Isaacs, Stephen, and Steven, 2004, p.1137 ) . What causes disparities in the degree of entree to wellness attention? There are a figure of factors that lead to disparities in the entree persons have towards wellness attention, they include, but non limited to, the followers ; unequal coverage in footings of insurance. In this instance, it has been found out that people who lack entree to insurance services end up proroguing their entree to medical services. They are besides likely to disregard medical attention, or utilize medical specialty without holding to travel for prescription, a scenario that has been observed more on minorities than on Whites ( Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 2003 ) . Another cause of disparity in entree to wellness attention consequences from the insufficiency of a steady beginning of attention, which means persons fail to entree attention, or visit physicians less frequently, or neglect to entree drug prescription ; this incident has been observed more on minorities that on Whites ( Fr yer, Dovey, and Green, 2000 ) . Next, minorities tend to hold unequal entree to wellness attention, compared to Whites, based on their insufficiency to fiscal resources ( Commonwealth fund, 1999 ) . This is because single with greater entree to fiscal resources are Whites, and non minorities, though some minorities excessively have fiscal gift. In add-on, legal barriers play important function in finding persons with entree to healthcare. This is because public insurance bundles tend to be limited merely to persons who have been in the United States for more than five old ages, and those who have non are denied Medicaid coverage ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.10 ) . Therefore, immigrants are more deprived than citizens are, therefore possessing higher degrees of disparities are. Nevertheless, minorities besides seem to be limited in their entree to wellness attention due to structural barriers, such as unequal transit installations, every bit good as the failure to run into up with assignments to physician s, therefore decreasing the preparedness of minorities to obtain necessary health care ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Furthermore, the wellness attention work force, harmonizing to statistics comprise of 4 % African American doctors, and 5 % Latino doctors, which implies that there is a unequal diverseness in these cultural groupings compared to the Whites who are dominant ; hence whites provide services, while minorities tend to be patients ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2003, p.13 ) . Therefore, other factors include age, knowledge refering wellness attention, linguistic communication barriers, every bit good as the low figure of wellness attention suppliers. However, what causes disparities in the quality of wellness attention? The requirement for effectual intervention, every bit good as wellness attention is proper communicating between the supplier and the patient. In add-on, a proper communicating channel surpasses race, because a bad communicating can do an wrong diagnosing, incorrect medicine, every bit good as misunderstanding of wellness attention supplier instructions. In add-on, the gravitation of linguistic communication barrier in the United States tend to impact non-English talkers compared to English talkers who will hold a clear appreciation of direction. The same applies to communications between patients and attention suppliers, in which instance the former tend to be influenced by their cultural beliefs refering Western medical specialty ( Goldberg, Hayes, Huntley, 2004, p.14 ) . There are some instances where favoritism hinders the proviso of quality wellness attention. Most of these instances consequences from an unconscious or witting disparity in the intervention of different services to different persons based on their race and ethnicity. For case, some serious operations might non be easy performed on minorities, but a figure of research workers still tend to mention an underlying demand to detect more accounts on the mode in which determinations are made by physicians. This owes to the fact that in some instances, some groups of diseases are based on cultural backgrounds that are non taken into consideration in the procedure of decision-making ( Smedley, and Nelson, 2002 ) . Research Design and Methods This is an exploratory survey, which analyses the assorted surveies that have been conducted by bookmans and professionals in this field of healthcare disparity. The chief grounds for taking exploratory survey is due to the restriction that exists in footings of clip every bit good as money. Second, this research comes because of legion researches done on the country and wants to happen out the result of these researches. Furthermore, the research explores the assorted instance surveies that have been conducted in this field of wellness attention. Besides, it besides emphasizes on papers analysis of the assorted historical every bit good as modern-day, public records, studies, authorities stuffs every bit good as sentiments. Hence, the usage of secondary informations analysis has been observed to have throughout the greater part of this research. The research is besides structured in a mode that ab initio an debut lays footing for the apprehension of the constructs that relate to wellness attention disparities in the United States. Consequently, the research inquiries are presented, and the chief drift for transporting out this research, including its relevancy. Decision and Recommendation From the above treatments, it is really apparent that wellness attention disparities do be, and that it is rather elusive to extinguish them. However, it is really of import to take into consideration all factors such as medical, societal, economic, every bit good as political issues that could be employed in order to accomplish the Obama aim that relates to the attainment of low-cost, high-quality system of wellness attention bringing ( Collen, 2010, p.93 ) . Therefore, in order to accomplish this end, the research recommends that all relevant plans that are to be designed in order to cut down disparities should be evaluated extensively so that any defect is dealt with consequently. In add-on, the wellness attention work force should be balanced in a mode that both the minority and bulks are good represented. Likewise, wellness attention disparities should be eliminated with increased entree to services to all racial and cultural groups ( McDonough, Gibbs, Scott-Harris, Kronebusch, Navarro, and Taylor, 2004 ) . Consequently, all the relevant people in the wellness attention system should be inclined towards the publicity of the quality of wellness attention proviso to the minorities. Elsewhere, this research recommends the betterment of both organisation every bit good as adjustment services so that an ambiance of repose exists between the patients and the medical practicians concerned. Sing cultural disparities and discriminatory attitudes, people should be encouraged to follow themselves to understanding other civilizations in order to heighten their degree of tolerance in add-on to increased grasp of other civilizations and beliefs ( Brach & A ; Fraser, 200 ) . Finally, because one of the greatest jobs that affect minorities is linguistic communication barriers, therefore the proviso of translators in order to provide for foreign every bit good as those with hearing damage should be given support from the authorities. Finally, the inquiry of wellness attention disparity has been addressed in item both in footings of its nature, and in footings of the assorted ways, that disparity manifests itself in the wellness attention sector. Finally, the research worker p roceeded to supplying reasoned recommendations and decisions sing the affair under consideration.